Ghana’s Uncertain Political Opening

Nigeria’s 2011 presidential election offered its citizens the most competitive and transparent contest in decades, but also the bloodiest.

A review of Democracy in Botswana: The Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Gaborone, 1-5 August 1988, edited by John Holm and Patrick Molutsi.

Data from Africa show that repeated elections, regardless of their relative freeness or fairness,appear to have a positive impact on the growth of civil liberties and democratic values.