Read the full essay here.
About the Author
Martin Malia, professor emeritus of history at the University of California at Berkeley, is the author of Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism (1961), Comprendre la Révolution russe (1979), The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917–1991 (1994), and Russia Under Western Eyes: From the Bronze Horseman to the Lenin Mausoleum (1999). He is also the author (under the pseudonym “Z”) of the much-discussed article “To the Stalin Mausoleum,” published in Daedalus in 1989.