Read the full essay here.
About the Author
Thomas A. Metzger is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution in Stanford, California, and professor emeritus at the University of California, San Diego. He has held visiting professorships in Taipei, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. His publications include The Internal Organization of Ch’ing Bureaucracy (1973) and Escape from Predicament: Neo-Confucianism and China’s Evolving Political Culture (1977).