Elections Without Democracy: Thinking About Hybrid Regimes
Larry Diamond
Journal of Democracy, April 2002
Appendix Table 1
Selected
Hybrid Regimes, 1990-2001
|
|
Freedom House Ranking (top country line is for 2002) |
Percent of legislative seats won by ruling party (*= no ruling party, ¨= boycotted by main opposition party or force) |
Percent of vote won by
ruling party presidential candidate |
Years in Power of
incumbent ruler[1] |
|
Algeria 1999 1997 1995 |
5.5 5.5 6 6 |
-- 41.05% -- |
73.8% -- 61% |
3 |
|
Angola 1992 |
6 6 |
58.64% |
49.57% |
23 |
|
Antigua and Barbuda 1999 1994 1989 |
3 3.5 3.5 2.5 |
70.59% 64.71% 88.24% |
-- -- -- |
8 |
|
Armenia 1999 1998 1996 1995 |
4 4 4 4.5 4 |
43.51% -- -- 63.16% |
-- 59.5% 52% -- |
4 |
|
Azerbaijan 2000 1998 1995/6 1993 1992 |
5.5 5.5 5 6 6 5 |
60.00% -- 92.00 -- -- |
-- 76.1% -- 99% >60% |
9 |
|
Belarus 2001 2000 1995 1994 |
6 6 6 5 4 |
-- -- |
75.6% -- -- >80% |
8 |
|
Burkina-Faso 1998 1997 1992 |
4 4.5 4.5 5 |
-- 90.99% 72.90% |
87.5% -- -- |
15 |
|
Cambodia 1998 1993 |
5.5 6 4.5 |
52.46%[2] * |
-- -- |
10 |
|
Cameroon 1997 1992 |
6 6 5.5 |
60.56% 48.89% |
92.6%¨ 39.98% |
20 |
|
Chad 2001 1997 1996 |
5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 |
-- 52.00% |
63.2% -- 69.1% |
12 |
|
Comoros 1996 1993 |
5 4 4 |
90.70%¨ 57.14% |
64% -- |
3 |
|
Congo
(Brazzaville) 1993 1992 |
4.5 3 3 |
52.00% -- |
-- 61% |
5 |
|
Cote D'Ivoire 2000 1995 1990 |
4.5 5.5 5.5 5 |
48.98% 84.57% 93.14% |
59.4% >90% 81.7% |
2 |
|
Djibouti 1999 1997 1993 |
4.5 5.5 6 4.5 |
-- |
74.44% -- 60.76% |
3 |
|
Egypt 2000 1999 1995 1993 1990 |
6 5.5 6 6 6 4 |
85.46%[3] -- 69.82% -- 76.65% |
-- majority (ref) -- 95% (ref) -- |
21 |
|
Ethiopia 2000 1994 |
5.5 5 5.5 |
87.57% 88.30% |
-- -- |
7 |
|
Gabon 2001 1998 1996/7 1993 1990 |
4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4 |
-- 68.33%¨ -- 52.50% |
-- 66.6% -- 51.18% -- |
35 |
|
Gambia 2002 2001 1997 1996 1992 |
5 5 5 6.5 6.5 1.5 |
84.91% -- 66.00% -- 69.44%[4] |
-- 52.96% -- 56% 58.5% |
8 |
|
Guinea 1998 1995 |
5.5 5.5 5.5 |
-- 62.28% |
56.1% -- |
18 |
|
Indonesia 1999 1997 1992 |
3.5 4 6 5.5 |
30.80% 76.47% 70.25% |
-- -- -- |
1 (2) |
|
Iran 2001 2000 1997 |
6 6 6 6.5 |
-- 70.00% -- |
78.3% -- 69% |
5 or 13[5] |
|
Kazakhstan 1999 1995 1994 1991 |
5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 |
29.87%[6] 35.82% 18.64%[7] -- |
79.8% 95% (ref) -- 99% |
11 |
|
Kenya 1997 1992 |
5.5 6 4.5 |
50.89% 53.19% |
41% 36.4% |
24 |
|
Liberia 1997 |
6 4.5 |
77.78% |
75.3% |
5 |
|
Malaysia 1999 1995 1990 |
5 5 4.5 4.5 |
76.68% 84.38% 70.56% |
-- -- -- |
21 |
|
Mauritania 2001 1997 1996 1992 |
5 5 6 6 6.5 |
79.01% -- 88.61% 84.81% |
-- 90.2%¨ -- -- |
18 |
|
Mexico 2000 1997 1994 |
2.5 2.5 3.5 4 |
43.31% 50.32% |
43.43% -- 50.18% |
2 (6) |
|
Morocco 1997 1993 |
5 5 5 |
17.54%* 16.21%* |
-- -- |
3 (38) |
|
Niger 1999 1996 1995 1993 |
4 5 6 4 3.5 |
45.78% 70% 48.19%[8] 34.94% |
52.22% -- 54% |
3 |
|
Peru 2001 2000 1995 1992 1990 |
2 2 3 4.5 5.5 3.5 |
34.17% 43.33% 55.83% 55% |
53.08 74.33 64.4% >55% |
1 |
|
Russia 2000 1999 1996 1995 |
5 5 4.5 3.5 3.5 |
-- 16.22%[9] -- 12.22%[10] |
53.44% -- 53.83% -- |
2 (9) |
|
Senegal 2001 2000 1998 1993 |
3.5 3.5 3.5 4 4.5 |
74.17% -- 66.43% 70.00% |
-- 58.49% -- 58.4% |
2 |
|
Singapore 2001 1999 1997 1993 1991 |
5 5 5 5 5 4 |
97.62% -- 97.59% -- 95.06% |
-- ??? -- 59% -- |
11 |
|
Tajikistan 2000 1999 1995 1994 |
6 6 6 7 7 |
47.62% -- 55.25%¨ -- |
-- 97% -- 58% |
10 |
|
Tanzania 2000 1995 1990 |
4 4 5 5.5 |
89.05% 77.82% 61.51% |
74.91% 61.8% |
7 |
|
Togo 1999 1998 1994 1993 |
5 5 5.5 5.5 6 |
97.53% -- 51.85%[11] -- |
-- 51.2% -- 96.49% |
35 |
|
Tunisia 1999 1994 |
5.5 5.5 5.5 |
81.32% 88.34% |
98.01% 99% |
15 |
|
Uganda[12] 2001 1996 1994 |
5.5 5.5 4 5 |
(majority)* 98.19%* 53.27%* |
69.33% 74% |
16 |
|
Ukraine 1999 1998 1994 |
4 3.5 3.5 3.5 |
-- * * |
56.25% -- 51.24% |
8 |
|
Yemen 1999 1997 1993 |
6 5.5 5.5 4.5 |
-- 62.13% 40.86% |
96.3% -- -- |
12 |
|
Yugoslavia 2000 1996 1992 |
3 4 6 5.5 |
38.20% 46.38% 52.90% |
51.71% -- -- |
2 |
|
Zambia 2001 1996 1991 |
4.5 4.5 4.5 2.5 |
43.40% 87.33%¨ |
28% 70%¨ 85% |
0 (10) |
|
Zimbabwe 2000 1996 1995 1990 |
6 5.5 5 5 5 |
51.67% -- 98.33% 96.67% |
-- >90% -- 78% |
22 |
Prepared with the research assistance of Terrence Blackburne.
* denotes no clear ruling party
¨ boycotted by principal opposition party or force
[1] Partial years are rounded up. Figures in parantheses are for the previous ruler.
[2] The Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) is coded as the ruling party.
[3] The figure was 79.50% before defections to the ruling party.
[4] Percent of 36 elected, though the assembly should have had 50 members.
[5] Five years for President Mohammad Kathami, and 13 years for Supreme Religious Leader Ali Khameini
[6] Numerous independents supportive of the president were also elected.
[7] In addition, numerous supporters of the president were elected from the “state list” and from among independents.
[8] Percentage won by the ruling coalition, the Alliance of Forces for Change (AFC) backed by President Mahamane Ousmane
[9] Unity Bloc is coded as the party of the incumbent president, Vladimir Putin
[10] “Our Home is Russia,” the party of Prime Minister Chernomyrdin, was “the party of power.”
[11] The figure was 43.21% prior to defections to the ruling party.
[12] Since President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Movement (NRM) came to power in 1986, political parties have been banned in Uganda. Figures for legislative elections are the reported proportion of candidates elected who support the president or are affiliated with the NRM.
|
National Endowment for Democracy ||
1101 15th Street, NW Suite 800 || Washington, D.C. 20005 USA || || |